The tradition of the Jihad dates back to the medieval crusades when the Muslims rallied against the Christian West. Abd el-Kader , declared a Jihad against the French colonial occupiers of Algeria in 1832, while in the aftermath of the Indian mutiny of 1857 Sir Sayid Ahmad argued that Jihad was valid only in “defensive war” and could not be justify further resistance to British rule so long as the British did not interfere with the practice of Islam. Abdul Ala Maurdudi ( 1903-79( the Indian born Pakistani ideologue, was the first to instrumentalize the concept of Jihad to a political context. For him its purpose was to establish the rule of the just, religious freedom – even for non-Muslims- and an Islamist government. His writing inspired others suchas Hasan al-Banna ( 1906-49) and Sayyid Qutb ( 1906-56) the leading ideologue of Egyptian fundamentalists , who was executed by Nasser) to develop the idea further in the Middle East , pimarily against Israel and the Jews. Middle Eastern Islamist ideologues argued that Jihad was mandatory, presenting it as individual duty rather than a communal one. For neglecting his duty jihad, the Egyptian President Anwar Sadat was branded an apostate and assisinated by the Egyptian Islamists. Jihad as a political concept returned to Asia with the influx of Arab mujahadin to Afganistan from 1979 onwards.

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