The Nuclear Weapon Archive
A Guide to Nuclear Weapons

If we fight a war and win it with H-bombs, what history will remember are not
the ideals we were fighting for but the methods we used to accomplish them.
These methods will be compared to the warfare of Genghis Khan who ruthlessly
killed every last inhabitant of Persia.

Hans A. Bethe

…And these atomic bombs which science burst upon the world that night were strange even to the men who used them.

H. G. Wells, The World Set Free, 1914

About This Site
Archive Charter
Archive History
Notable Quotes

About the Graphics Used
Disclaimer
Credits and Thanks

A “sister site” relationship has been established with Gregory Walker’s Trinity Site. Greg and I are actively collaborating to provide the broadest variety of nuclear weapon information, in the most convenient form that we can. The two sites each have a different focus. The Nuclear Weapon Archive provides current information, technical data, and informative write-ups. The Trinity Site focuses on historical information, especially reproductions of public domain documents.

Latest Site Updates
13 January 2007
Added the Enola Gay page.

9 January 2007
Updated pages on the U.S. Nuclear Weapon Enduring Stockpile, U.S. Nuclear Forces and the W62 and W76 warheads..

14 December 2006
Added pages on the Aleksandr Litivenko case and on polonium poisoning.

25 October 2006
Most recent update to North Korea.

14 October 2006
Added North Korea to the list of declared nuclear states.
Updated U.S. nuclear arsenal page.

17 May 2006
Updated Operation Castle test page and Nuclear Weapons Frequently Asked Questions, Section 12. Contact email changed.

17 August 2003
Site is retiled The Nuclear Weapon Archive with its own domain.

The Past is Prologue
History – World War II (and Before)

Dawn of the Atomic Age
Last changed April 1997 Invention and Discovery: Atomic Bombs and Fission
Last changed April 1997 The Manhattan Project
Last changed 12 March 1999
Trinity
Last changed 12 March 1999 Little Boy and Fat Man
Last changed 7 October 1997 The Enola Gay
Last changed 13 January 2007
Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Last changed April 1997

History – Postwar Weapons Development
The links below take you to pages describing the nuclear weapons tests series conducted since World War II. The ever popular nuclear test images are accessed through these links.

United States
Last changed 1 May 1998
Soviet Union/Russia
Last changed 12 December 1997
United Kingdom
Last changed 1 May 2001
France
Last changed 1 May 2001

China
Last changed 1 May 2001
India
Last changed 1 May 2001
Pakistan
Last changed 6 August 2001
North Korea
Last changed 25 October 2006

The Present
Arsenals of the Declared Nuclear States

United States
Last changed 15 October 2006
Russia
United Kingdom
Last changed 1 May 2001
France
Last changed 1 May 2001

China
Last changed 1 May 2001
India
Last changed 30 March 2001
Pakistan
Last changed 6 August 2001
North Korea
Last changed 25 October 2006

Nuclear States in the Shadows

South Africa
Last changed 7 September 2001
Israel
Last changed 10 December 1997
Iraq
Last changed 15 October 2001

Archive Departments
Announcements and Reviews

Last changed 15 August 1999
Reviews of products and publications of special interest Nuclear Wallpaper Image Collection

Last changed 30 March 2001
Links to LARGE high quality images The Big, Big, List of Nuclear Related Links

Last changed 30 March 2001
This is the master list of all remote site links.

Reference Library
Background
Fission Physics [1996]
Fusion Physics [1996]
Basic Principles of Fission Weapons [1996]
Gun Assembly [1996]
Implosion Assembly [1996]
The Teller-Ulam Design: Staged Radiation Implosion [1997]
Glossary of Nuclear Weapons Terms [1994]

Nuclear Weapons Frequently Asked Questions (NWFAQ) by Carey Sublette
Last modified: 9 August 2001 Inactive links are for section that have not been completed or released
0.0 Introduction
1.0 Types of Nuclear Weapons
2.0 Introduction to Nuclear Weapon Physics and Design
3.0 Matter, Energy, and Radiation Hydrodynamics
4.0 Engineering and Design of Nuclear Weapons
5.0 Effects of Nuclear Explosions
6.0 Nuclear Materials
7.0 Nuclear Weapon Nations and Arsenals
8.0 The First Nuclear Weapons
9.0 Hiroshima and Nagasaki
10.0 Chronology For The Origin Of Atomic Weapons
11.0 Questions and Answers
12.0 Useful Tables
13.0 Bibliography
14.0 Nuclear Weapons FAQ Change History

Download the whole thing in a zip file

Major Reference Articles and Links
Repository of Nuclear Effects Computer Simulations and Models
Illustrated Effects of Nuclear Weapons
Plutonium Manufacture and Fabrication (illustrated)
The Smyth Report: Atomic Energy for Military Purposes; the first public description of atomic technology, released in 1945 and still an excellent introduction
Nuclear Tests
Comprehensive List of All Nuclear Explosions by Jim Lawson [8/1996]
Official List of Underground Nuclear Explosions in Nevada [1995]
Bibliographic Material
Some References [1995]
The Big List of Nuclear Weapons Publications [1995]
Links to Important Information Sites.
Regrettably a vast amount of reference material once available on-line has been removed in the wake of 9-11, and large amounts of material continue to disappear. For example, all informational sites at Los Alamos have vanished as of this writing (20 May 2002). I removed some links that are no longer active, but many others may be no longer available.
DOE Information Bridge, Excellent link for accessing millions of pages of on-line information
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Documents On-Line (currently inactive)
Government Accounting Office Report Page. A valuable resource. Go to GAO Access Search Page, use keyword search (like “nuclear”). Many FY 95 and later reports are available online
Complete Archive Site for the late lamented U.S. Office of Technology Assessment (OTA). Hosted by Princeton Univ.
Resource slots of stuff here browse around.
Stephen Schwartz’s list of U.S. Nuclear Weapons Facilities
Brookings Institute Nuclear Weapons Cost Study Home Page
Gregory Walker’s Trinity Site
The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, this site now hosts the text of many valuable articles, with on-line search capability.
Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) Nuclear Information (new upgrades in progress)
The Internet and the Bomb: a Research Guide to Policy and Information about Nuclear Weapons, at the NRDC, the best collection of nuclear-related links in existence.
Nuclear Data Table Index For up-to-date data on nuclear forces for all powers (and more), this is the place to go!
NRDC table of global nuclear stockpiles from the dawn of the Atomic Age to the present
1996 Strategic Nuclear Forces for the U.S. and Russia
Center for Nonproliferation Studies (CNS) at the Monterey Institute of International Studies (MIIS). Excellent repository of on-line materials
British American Security Information Council (BASIC). An independent research organization that analyzes government policies – a very good site, check out its on-line reports on nuclear issues, e.g. “The Bug in the Bomb” a study of bombs and the Y2K problem.
Center for Defense Information (CDI). An independent military policy research and analysis organization has many on-line resources.
NBC-Med.Org: Medical NBC (Nuclear-Biological-Chemical) On-line Most nuclear related medical data has disappeared but it still has Medical Management of Radiological Casualties Still a good resource on biological and chemical weapons. For FM 8-9: NATO Handbook on the Medical Aspects of NBC Defensive Operations now see: the FAS site.
Plutonium: The First Fifty Years from the US DOE
Drawing Back the Curtain of Secrecy: Restricted Data Declassification Decisions, 1946 to the Present (January 1, 2000). Version RDD-6. Lots of interesting bits of information about nuclear weapons.
T-2 Nuclear Information Service. Located at Los Alamos, this is the site to go to first for nuclear physics data.
Nuclear Data Center of the Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute (JAERI). This is an excellent source of nuclear physics data also.
Greenpeace Report on dual capable technology (check out Figs 4, 5, 6 and 7)
Sandia Lab News
U.S. Dept. of Energy (Nevada) Historical Information Home Page, regrettably the DOE Nevada site has removed its HTML-format “On-Line Catalog of All U.S. Nuclear Tests”, but the same information is available in an Acrobat (.PDF) format document accessible from this page.
The “CIA Electronic Document Release Center” hosts downloadable declassified documents. Do a full text search on “nuclear” or “atomic” to see listings of useful documents.
Other Sites With Nuclear Test Photos
U.S. Dept. of Energy (Nevada) Test Photo Page
Weapons and Related Technologies
Pulse Power Switching Technology [10/96]
Where to Buy Nuclear Weapons Related Materials
Otowi Station – bookstore at Los Alamos
National Atomic Museum Store

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Cold War I developed like its predecessor Cold War II , from the breakdown of relations between the major capitalist states amd the USSR that were to some degree cooperative. On the basis of its first four years 1079-1982 , it can be seen how it partook , with some significant variations of the characteristics that marked off Cold War I as a distinct period of postwar history.The most obvious index of Cold War is a greater sense of the danger of war. Cold War II involved emphasis by both sides upon the likelihood of a war and on the need for military preperations against possible attacks from the enemy. The rise of the peace movement certainly served to draw greater attention to this issue, and for the first time achieved a significant audience inside the uSA.




But the development of resistance to nuclear weapons policies in the west from 1979 onwards was not only a response to the sustained accumulation of weapons over the past two decades. It was also a reaction to the specific increases in military expenditures and changes in weapons deployment associated with the late 1970’s , i.e. to military buildups that got under way at the start ofCold War II.

Title Sequence from Dr. Strangelove “How I Learnt to Love the Bomb”

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  There was no sucessfull negotiations between the U.S. and U.S.S.R. of mutual concerns whether bilateral in Europe or in the rest of the world. Polemics and mutual denuniaciations aside ,, this lack of negotiation and negotiations replaced compromise and any attempts at the image of negotiation and compromises.Â

  Inabilities to find common solutions and common ground on major issues was marked by tense confrontation and confrontations along the “Iron Curtains” of Eastern Europe and in the Far East , Indochina and Middle East political and geopolitical regions.

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What become of the characteristics of the cold war period of detente ? Defined in this manner it becomes easier to identify the peculiarities between these two periods that have come between the two Cold Wars , that of Oscialliatory Antagonism and that of the period of Detente. In the latter mode the clearest contrast , the former is an antagonous period containing elements and phases of Detente followed by revesion to the Coldest part of the Cold War. The six features of the time period of Detente contrast with those already seen as characterizing the Cold War period.

Detente was seen as a retreat and retrenchment from the all out arms race and by a rhetoric of peace and a pursuit of agreed levels of armament and armaments. This is spite of the later years and senility of the then president and chief of staff Jimmy ( the peanut farmer ) Carter – brother of “Billy Carter”

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Edward Teller, superbomb pioneer
When the history of history’s bloodiest century is written, a few scientists will appear in the table of contents. Physicist Alert Einstein , surely. Radiation pioneer Marie Curie, probably. Discoverer of penicillin Alexander Fleming, maybe. But you can bank on reading “Edward Teller: Physicist, nuclear pioneer, accomplished pianist, ace ping-pong player, troubled genius, hawkish expert advisor; often called ‘Father of the H-bomb‘.” While Teller did not contribute to fundamental physics on Einstein’s level, his technical proficiency, coupled with his 10-year obsession to build the hydrogen bomb, made him a force to reckon with.

Passionate advocacy of nuclear weapons earned Teller a lifelong entry to the corridors of power, and for close to five decades he was an eminently qualified, intensely intelligent, combative conservative voice on national security affairs.

Among other things, Teller’s vision of nuclear-powered, orbiting laser battle stations fired the imagination of President Ronald Reagan in the early 1980s, inspiring the Star Wars program. And while his X-ray lasers never exactly worked, the missile defense “star wars” program survives, at an estimated cost of $9 billion in fiscal year 2004. It’s purpose — catch the irony? — is to defeat missiles carrying hydrogen bombs — the invention forever linked to Teller’s name.

An earthshaking invention
Arrogant, ambitious, argumentative, Teller was a Hungarian Jewish refugee who changed the world. Beyond helping invent the “Teller-Ulam” design — the heart of virtually every hydrogen bomb ever made — he had enormous social and political clout.

Teller was “Perhaps one of the handful of most influential scientists in the 20th century,” says Robert S. Norris, a historian with the Natural Resources Defense Council. “He was at many places at just the right time to influence events… participated in the Manhattan Project, pushed the H-bomb, created a second [nuclear weapons] laboratory, influenced the [nuclear] testing debate, and later in life, ballistic missile defense.” Norris is biographer of General Leslie Groves, the overall director of the Manhattan Project, which built the atomic bomb .

The “Mike” test, Nov. 1, 1952, was the world’s first hydrogen bomb. The blast used the Teller-Ulam design, still the mainstay of H-bombs, and had the power of 10.4 million tons of TNT, about 1,000 times the bomb that leveled Hiroshima.

Unlike a good number of his fellow nuclear physicists, Teller trenchantly opposed weapons control. “He deserves much of the credit (or blame), probably more than any other single individual, for the failure of the 1963 Nuclear Test Ban Treaty to prohibit underground tests along with those in all other environments…” wrote physicist Herbert York in 1976 . Continued testing has been key to developing and improving many nuclear arsenals.

In an interview, York, the first director of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, told The Why Files that Teller was “strong, positive, he pushed his way in, was absolutely convinced he was right about nuclear weapons and international security questions. He was dedicated, if he had an opportunity to see a key senator, he would get up out of his sickbed. People who like what he did thought he was heroic, but I think he caused more harm than good.”

Teller’s legacy, York says, is, “A more dangerous world.”

Mike weighed 82 tons, and was a test of principle, not a deliverable bomb. Those weirdo antlers were pipes that directed radiation to distant gauges so physicists could measure events in different parts of the bomb. The pipes, and everything else you see (except that bored guy catching some solar radiation) were vaporized. Oh, yeah. Mike also obliterated the island of Elugelab in the Eniwetok Atoll, Pacific Ocean, and blew 80 million tons of radioactive crud into the sky.

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The Cold War offered a number of distinct and unique identifying features and characteristics :

The feature most evident to the inhabitants of both blocs was that there was a military buildup with special emphasis

upon nuclear weapons , the purpose of building such being to prevent advances by the other side along certain public identified fronts – in the earlier case Europe. During Cold War 1 the USA deployed nuclear weapons in Europe and the Russians for the first time acquired nuclear weapons as well.

The First Cold War was accompanied by a particularly intense propoganda campaign in which each side sought mainly to denigrate the other side. The west sought primarily to establish a homology between the natures of “totalitarian ” qualities and that of Nazi Germany on the the grounds that both were repressive and warlike.

The Russians sustained their critique of the exploitation therin in capitalim and the third world countries – most of which were still treated as “colonials” and colonies. Imperialism and warmonging so it was pointed out went hand in hand.

The idiological conflicts often rested upon suppression and a suppression of accurate and balanced information concerning the opposing camp and camps.

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International Medical Tourism The analysis of “Cold War 1″ rests upon a certain restriction of the term “Cold War” that is not always easily accepted.

Historians do tend to treat the First Cold War as a self evident point ending at some time in the era of the 1950’s , but the term Cold War is often used to denote the very process of east-west conflict itself, or the situation of arms buildup without “outright wars”. The “wars” tended to be limited and regional in scope.

In these latter terms , the more precise and exact term is “Co-existence” with the whole postwar period, the phases of which are regarded as the Cold War in its original historically specific sense.




In essence and actuality this refers to a particular of globalized conflict , namely one in which the emphasis is upon military and strategic confrontation and in which the pace and scope of negotiation is minimal or virtually non- existent. Tratfor

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There was a tightening of controls within the capitalist and communist camps. A construction and revision of military blocs and camps developed , a repression of those suspected of sympathies for the other side. ( persecution of Titoists in Eastern Europe , McCarthyism in the U.S.A.)

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The conflict between capitalism and communism found expression in third world revolutionary movements , in which the west sought to reverse and contain local elements that were presented as instruments of Soviet policy. This took place in Korea and Vietnam , Malaya and the Phillipines.

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Super-Power theorists place the blame on the two major powers together, arguing that the U.S.A. and the U.S.S.R. cojointly subordinated the world to their common interests and to their remaining differences. Popularized by China in the 1960’s , the “Superpower” theory identifies the two major powers , as in Peking’s phrase ” colluding and contending to dominate the world”.

This explanation and point of view has won particular support amongst those who see themselves as building a third alternative in world politics.

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U.S. Imperialism theorists produce what is in some respects a mirror image of the Soviet threat account.

Responsibility is ascribed to the actions of one major state and the actions of other innocent one are not seen as having contributed to the deadlock. U.S. imperialism theorists located the aggressiveness and belligerence of the west in the working of a social system capitalism which they argue requires confrontatation and military production for its survival.

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The Russians soustained their critique of the exploitation inherent in capitalism and accompanied this by stressing the warmongering inherent in the very nature and character of capitalism , bith vis-a-vis the USSR itself and in the colonial world where a substantial number of conflicts were raging and ongoing. The ideological conflicts often rested upon a suppression of accurate and balanced information about the opposite camp.

There were no successful negotiations between either the USA and USSR in issues of mutual concern , whether bilateral un Europe or in the rest of the globe. Polemics and mutual denunciation replaced compromise and negotiated aggrement, The inability to find common ground on major issues was marked by tense confrontations along an “Iron Curtain” in Europe and by armed conflicts in the Far East.

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  Six characteristics above all marked the First Cold War and provide the historical elements of what constitute modern Cold Wars.

1) The feature most evident to the inhabitants of both blocs was that there was a military buildup with special emphasis  upon nuclear  weapons , the purpose of such buildings being to prevent advances by the other side of such buildings by the other side along certain publicly identified fronts  – in the earlier case Europe.

During Cold War I the USA deployed nuclear weapons in Europe , and the Russians for the first time acquired them.

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Events to which the great powers felt compelled to respond again halted this process of negotiation.

In 1965 US forces went into Vietnam ( French Indo-China) and the Dominican Republic , and in 1967 the Third Arab-Israeli War provoked renewed tensions and the two sides because of their involvment with the conflicting parties.

East-West relations were already bad when in 1968 Warsaw Pact Forces invaded Czechoslovakia . Only in 1969 , with the advent of the Nixon administration to office in Washington , did phase III , that of consistent negotiation or “Detente” , properly begin.

Soviet Occupation 1968 Part 1

Soviet Occupation 1968 Part 2

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Do you really want to hurt me?

 
By NICK PARKER
April 30, 2007
 
A MALE escort told of his terror last night after claiming he was kidnapped by Boy George.Auden Carlsen, 28, said: “It’s ironic that his biggest hit was Do You Really Want To Hurt Me? — because I’m sure he did want to hurt me.

“I was convinced I was going to die.”

The Norwegian spoke out as George, 45, was bailed by detectives probing assault and false imprisonment allegations.

Carlsen said he was grabbed by the singer and another man and chained to a wall after the star invited him to his pad in Shoreditch, East London, to pose for photos.

The escort fled in his pants after wrenching the hook from the wall.

Accused … Boy George

Carlsen revealed he met George on the Gaydar website, but only agreed to go to his flat at midnight as a £400 photographic model and not as an escort.

The ex-Culture Club star took pictures of him in kinky gear.

Carlsen said: “George said he was popping out for milk at 5am. I heard him come back and I walked into his bedroom wearing just my white underpants and a T-shirt. I was jumped on by George and another man.

“George handcuffed me to a hook by the bed as they held me down.”

He said George got rid of the blond man then produced a box of whips and sex toys — telling him: “Now you’ll get what you deserve.”

Flats … block where Boy George lives

Carlsen pulled the hook from the wall and fled — then alerted the police from a nearby newsagent’s at 6.30am on Saturday.

George — real name George O’Dowd — was taken to a police station.

Last year he got community service in New York after he said a rent boy tried to rob him — and cops found cocaine in his apartment. He was unavailable for comment last night.

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